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In classical antiquity, there is no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, well-educated, usually upper-class, and almost universally male individuals performed various investigations into nature whenever they could afford the time. [55] Before the invention or discovery of the concept of phusis or nature by the pre-Socratic philosophers, the same words tend to be used to describe the natural "way" in which a plant grows, [56] and the "way" in which, for example, one tribe worships a particular god. For this reason, it is claimed that these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and the first to clearly distinguish "nature" and "convention". [57] a b Nisbet, Robert A.; Greenfeld, Liah (October 16, 2020). "Social Science". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022 . Retrieved May 9, 2021. reason, practical:, reasons and causes, reasons, internal and external, Réaumur temperature scale, recalescence, Recent, receptacle, Reception of Asians to the United States - Asian Immigration, Landmarks In Asian-american History, Bibliography, receptor (in biology), recessive, recipient, Reciprocal, reciprocal cross, reciprocal proportions, Recombinant DNA, recombinant DNA, recombination, recombination era, recombination process, recrystallization, Rectangle, rectification, rectified spirit, rectifier, rectum, recurrence:, recursion, definition by, recycling, Recycling - Process, Legislation, Policies, Recycling Collection Programs, Recyclable Materials, Composting, Preparing The Compost… Science & Philosophy: Revaluation of values: to Sarin Gas - History And Global Production Of Sarin

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Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nded.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.225–53. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.

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Keay, John (2000). India: A history. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-87113-800-2. The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so golden. The professionalization of science, begun in the 19th century, was partly enabled by the creation of national distinguished academies of sciences such as the Italian Accademia dei Lincei in 1603, [230] the British Royal Society in 1660, [231] the French Academy of Sciences in 1666, [232] the American National Academy of Sciences in 1863, [233] the German Kaiser Wilhelm Society in 1911, [234] and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1949. [235] International scientific organizations, such as the International Science Council, are devoted to international cooperation for science advancement. [236] Awards DK First Earth Encyclopedia ( Note– This one focuses a lot more on mapping and basic geography than I prefer for the elementary years, but it is still a good option.)

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Main articles: Public awareness of science and Science journalism Dinosaur exhibit in the Houston Museum of Natural Science Computational science applies computing power to simulate real-world situations, enabling a better understanding of scientific problems than formal mathematics alone can achieve. The use of machine learning and artificial intelligence is becoming a central feature of computational contributions to science for example in agent-based computational economics, random forests, topic modeling and various forms of prediction. However, machines alone rarely advance knowledge as they require human guidance and capacity to reason; and they can introduce bias against certain social groups or sometimes underperform against humans. [170] [171] Interdisciplinary science

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Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The revival of learning in the West". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nded.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.193–224. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7. Science has no single origin. Rather, systematic methods emerged gradually over the course of tens of thousands of years, [39] [40] taking different forms around the world, and few details are known about the very earliest developments. Women likely played a central role in prehistoric science, [41] as did religious rituals. [42] Some scholars use the term " protoscience" to label activities in the past that resemble modern science in some but not all features; [43] [44] [45] however, this label has also been criticized as denigrating, [46] or too suggestive of presentism, thinking about those activities only in relation to modern categories. [47]